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Heritage classified

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Origin and history

The aqueduct of Nîmes, built under the Roman Empire between 40 and 80 A.D. (probably under Emperor Claude), had the function of bringing water from the fountain of Eure near Uzes to Nîmes, on a 50 km route through the garrigue. A discovery in 2023 suggests an extension of 2 km to the sources of the Moulin Neuf at Saint-Quentin-la-Poterie, thus modifying the initial understanding of its route. The crossing of the Gardon by the bridge of the Gard, an architectural masterpiece, marks the culmination of this work.

The studies of Émile Espérandieu (1926) and subsequent research (1984-1990) revealed two phases of utilization: a first period of optimal operation with clear water for 150 years, followed by degradation from the third century, marked by earth deposits. It probably ceased to function after the sixth century. Its construction was based on a constant slope of 25 cm/km, allowing a flow rate of 35,000 m3/day, and used innovative materials such as malta, a waterproof coating based on lime and red quartz.

In the 19th century, a second canal was built to partially double the ancient aqueduct, with a larger diameter (2.20 to 3 m). This project, now abandoned, followed an almost identical pattern, sometimes superimposed on the Roman work, making their distinction difficult. Archaeological remains, whether underground or apparent (such as the Pont-Rou or Font Menestière bridges), have been protected since 1840 for the Pont du Gard, and gradually classified or listed between 1979 and 1999 for the other sections.

The heritage protection covers all the parcels crossed by the aqueduct, due to variations in the relief since ancient times (alluvial deposits, erosion). The remains are either preserved in situ for their scientific value or enhanced for the public, such as art works. The aqueduct thus illustrates both the Roman genius and the modern challenges of preserving a monument both underground and monumental.

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